The computer, which can
process the received data to the data input of the data is the result of an
electronic device and the data processed in accordance with the instruction
data.
ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER
The use of computer is was not so common several
years ago as it is today.
The main benefits /
importance of computer in daily life are as follows.
- SPEED : - Computer work at a very high speed and are much faster
than humans. A computer can perform billions of calculations a second. A
process is called the speed of the processing performed by a computer.
- STORAGE :- A
computer can store large amount of data permanently user can use / access
this data which is stored in a computer any time.
- PROCESSING :- A
computer can process the given instruction. It can perform different type
of processing like addition, subtraction, division & multiplication
with in second.
- ACCURACY :- Accuracy
means to provide result without any error. Which data is processed by
computer it 100% accurate, there is no chance of error in process of
computer. The computer can process large amounts of data and get accurate
results.
- COMMUNICATION :- Most
computer today have the capability of communicating with other computer. We
can connect two or more computers using a communication device such as a
modem, NIC card.
- VERSATILE :- Computers
can perform a variety of tasks. We can use computers in offices,
hospitals, banks or at home.
- COST REDUCTION :- Another
advantage of computer is cost reduction. We can perform a difficult task
in less time and less cost, for example we have hired many people to
handle an office. The same work can be performing by a single computer.
GENERATION OF COMPUTER
Although the development of Computer
is continuous process, however, it can be categorized in to the following
generations based on the technology used for the Computer System.
FIRST GENERATION (1942 - 1955) :- All computers developed in this generation were based
on Vacuum Tubes technology, i.e. ENIC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer), Mark-I, Mark-II etc.
ADVANTAGES :-
- Vacuum tube technology made possible to make electronic
digital computers.
- These computers could calculate data in millisecond.
DISADVANTAGES :-
- These were very large.
- consumed a large amount of energy.
- Very slow.
- Expensive.
- Use machine language only.
- Heated very soon due to thousands of vacuum tube.
SECOND GENERATION (1955
- 1964)
Computers of this generation were based on transistor technology (space on the
side of the vacuum tube transistor) and they opened the gateway to commercial
development for the sale of computers. Size fast transistor operations were
smaller and less expensive than vacuum tubes. e.g. EDVAC, IBM-1401.
ADVANTAGES
- Smaller in size as compared to first generation
computers..
- Less energy used.
- Produce less heat.
- Less costly.
- Speed of these computers were high.
- Use of assembly language instead of machine language.
THIRD GENERATION (1964 - 1975)
The Computer of the third generation were based on integrated circuits (ICs)
technology (transistor replaced by ICs). Solid electronic technology in early
1960 - was introduced in the state. The development of integrated circuits
(ICs) is called solid state technology or small scale integration (SSI). The
integrated circuits (ICs) are the collection of many electronic devices like
transistors on a signal chip of silicon. This Technology enabled computers to
the electronic revolution. IBM-360, IBM-370 etc.
ADVANTAGES
- Small in size compared to previous generation.
- Less energy used.
- Produce less heat in compare of previous generation..
- More good speed, calculate data in Nano seconds.
- Less expensive.
- Could be use high level language.
DISADVANTAGES
- Air conditions was required.
- High technology required for the manufacture of IC
Chips.
They used microprocessors in fourth generation computers. A small microprocessor chip contains thousands of the ICC. It greatly reduces the size of the computer. It was introduced in the generation microprocessor, which microcomputers were. i.e. IBM - PC etc.
ADVANTAGES
- Very small in size.
- Less power consumption.
- Less heat generated.
- Best speed.
- General purpose.
- Commercial production.
DISADVANTAGE
- High advance technology required manufacturing
microprocessor.
FIFTH GENERATION
(A1)(1980 - 1990)
The rapid progress in computer technology is still continued and active
research is going on in different fields of computer technology by there is no
well-defined categorization after fourth generation. The reason may be that are
now taking place in a variety of previous developments, competition in computer
hardware and software sectors, which took place in most areas of electronics
development. The computers of this generation were based on the principles of
life and the A1. Software development was taking precedence over hardware,
which led to the introduction of artificial intelligence. E.g. Robotics,
Computer Vision etc.
SIXTH GENERATION (ANN'S) (SINCE 1990)
This generation of computer artificial neural network system based on the
principles of (ANNS). As a result, it seems the computer and can decide to
solve various problems. e.g. Character recognition etc.
TYPES OF COMPUTER (Categories of Computer)
Analog Computers
It has information about the machines process, the nature of which is not discrete
or separate. An Analog computer is used for measurement. The speed of Analog is
fast by not so accurate. Analog Computer measure Temperature, Pressure, Current
Voltage and Depth etc. This quantity continues in nature and there are millions
of types. Or In other words we can say that is represented in the form of
computers, information automobile speed meters, current, etc. Analog Watch.
Digital Computers
A digital works with digits. Everything is described in two states i.e. either
ON or OFF. No. 1 and 0 of the OFF state.
The digital computers are very fast.
They can be programmed to perform mathematical calculation. Compare value etc.
All operations take place at a very high speed computers and very accurate and
precise results. Such as Digital computer, Calculators, Digital watch etc.
Difference Between Analog & Digital Computer
Analog Computers measure while Digital Computers count. Analog computers and
digital computer as well as fast, more accurate, if not quickly but accurately.
Hybrid Computers
Hybrid Computer is also known as Mash Computer, it is a combination Analog and
Digital Computer. Part of the processing is done on the part of analog
computers and digital computers.
These Computers are used in some specialized applications. Hybrid computer
devices may calculate patient's heart function, temperature, and blood
pressure. Measurement data can be converted and displayed in digital form e.g.
Hybrid Watches, digital petrol pumps etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER
Classification of Computer with respect to size.
- Micro Computer.
- Mini Computer.
- Mainframe Computer.
- Super Computer.
Mainframe Computers
These are the most expensive,
largest and fastest computers used in a large organization. Main Frame interacts
with large amounts of data and services to support various input and output
devices. The mainframe is priced at Rs 1 million and can serve a maximum of 150
users or more at a time.
Mini Computers
These computers are larger in size
than both PCs and these computers have the capabilities to serve many users at
a time in other facilities such as speed, storage capacity etc. They are more
expensive than PCs. Their speeds are rated 1 to 50 MIPS or higher, such as Wax
/ 11730, IBM / 8310, etc.
Micro Computers
These are also called Personal
Computers (PCs). These are the most popular digital computers are used in
all areas of life. They are small in memory and have low processing capacity.
They also called chip computer, because the whole Circuitry clock on the same
chip. Microcomputers are the equivalent of today's mainframe. Such as IBM-PC,
XT, AT Compatibles 286, 386, 486, 586, P-I, P-II, P-III, P-IV etc.
Super Computers
Supercomputer is
called the "Number Cruncher" because they are a special computer to
deal with. It can process trillions of instructions in a second. The modern
super computer consists of thousands of microprocessor. These computers are
very much expensive. Two families of commercially available Super Computers are
the GRAY - XP, ETA - 10, Deep Blue and Aci White.
Use of Super Computer
Super computer is
mostly used for weather prediction, weapon design, preparing model of chemical
and biological system, and studying the neural network of brain. These are used
in a nuclear reactor.
Supercomputer is used in business and industry sectors
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER W.R.T.
PURPOSE
We can do the following two types of
distributed computers.
1.
General Purpose Computers.
2.
Special Purpose Computers.
General Purpose Computers
Computers such business, a wide
variety of problems in many areas such as education, science, etc. are used to
solve. General - Purpose computers can store large amount of data and that is
why most business enterprises use them. These Computers are used for
multipurpose. For example, Micro Computer.
Special Purpose Computers
These types of computers support highly specialized data processing activity. These computers are used to solve problems in certain categories. That is. These computers are used to perform a particular task. e.g. Computer used in the Atomic Energy Commission, Computer used for eye sight, wheel alignment etc.