COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN BUSINESS

 

DEFINE OPERATING SYSTEM & IT'S CLASSIFICATION:

Operating System:-

Operating System is a group of program that controls all operations of computer system and its components. An operating system is an integrated collection of computer resources and special resources that are used to manage overall operations. A computer can do nothing without Operating System. Without operating any computer cons not work. User interacts with computer through Operating System. Is converted to a computer, the operating system you are running and working properly check all parts of the computer. Operating system manages all operation on computer after loading. Some popular operating system for IBM PC-DOS, MS Windows -2000, OS / 2 and unduz- XP.

Types of Operating System:-

 Operating system is classified according to the criterion, which is mentioned below.

• Signal User Operating System
• Multi User Operating System

Single User Operating System:-

Allows only one user to use single user operating system. For example DOS. 

Multi User Operating System :-

Multi-user more time to use the operating system in a system that allows a user. For example Windows XP, LINUX, XENIX, Novel Netware etc.

DOS (Disk Operating System) :- 

DOS is Disk Operating System. A town on the computer disk because it is the disk operating system. It and manage information flow to different parts of the computer system. MS-DOS is like an interpreter between you and your computer. It helps you to interact with your disk, printer etc. MS-DOS is command driven operating system.

There are two types of DOS commands

1.     Internal Commands

2.     External Commands

INTERNAL COMMANDS :- 

Internal commands are stored in the COMMAND.COM file and loaded into memory when you start your computer. Such as DIR, COPY etc. Various internal commands are listed below:

CLS Command :- This command is used to clears the screen.

 Syntax:

CLS

e.g.

C\:>cls (Press Enter Key)

 

DIR Command :- This command is used to display the contents of a directory sub directory.

Syntax:

DIR/Switches

e.g.

C\:>DIR (Press Enter Key) To display directory.

 

C\:>DIR/P (Press Enter Key) To Display Directory Page wise.

C\:> DIR/W (Press Enter Key) To Display directory width wise.

C\:> DIR/W/P (Press Enter Key) To Display directory width and page wise both.

C\:> DIR A*.* (Press Enter Key) To Display file name which is started from A.

 

CHDIR/CD :- It stands for change directory. This command is used to changes the current working directory to another directory of display the name of the current directory.

Syntax:

CD or CD DIRECTORY NAME

e.g.

C:\>CD GCC (Press Enter Key )              or

C:\>CHDIR GCC (Press Enter Key)

C:\>CD(Press Enter Key) Change to root directory

C:\>CD..(Press Enter Key) Change to present directory.

 

MKDIR / MD :-

It stands for make directory. It uses for creating a subdirectory or branch of a root directory.

Syntax: 

MD directory name (Press Enter Key)

e.g.

C:\>MKDIR GCC (Press Enter Key)            or

C:\>MD GCC (Press Enter Key)

 

RMDIR / RD :-

RD stands for remove directory. Through this command, we can remove any existing empty directory.

Syntax: 

RD Directory Name

e.g.

C:\>RD Directory Name (Press Enter Key)

C:\>RD GCMS (Press Enter Key)                      or

C:\>RMDIR GCMS (Press enter Key)

 

TIME :-

Time uses to change the systems’ time.

Syntax: 

TIME

For example C:\>TIME (Press Enter Key)

The Time is displayed on the screen in the following style:

Hours: Minutes: Second: Hundreds

Hours specify the hours. Valid values are 0 to 23.

Minutes specify the minute. The correct values are from 0 to 59.

Second specify the second. The correct values are from 0 to 59.

Hundredths specify the hundredth of a second. Valid Values are 0 to 99

A/P specify A.M. Or after lunch for 12 hours

 

DATE :-

This command is used display or changes the date of the system if necessary.

Syntax: 

DATE

Date is displayed on the screen in the following manner:

DATE [mm-dd-yy]

mm    It mean month i.e. 1 - 12.

dd      It means day i.e. 1 - 31.

yy       It means year i.e. 1991, 1992.

For example C:\> DATE (Press Enter Key)

 

VER :-

It is used to display the version of the command DOS, running

Syntax:

VER

C:\>VER (Press Enter Key)

 

VOL :-

This command is used to display the disk volume label if it exists.

Syntax:

VOL

e.g.

C:\>VOL (Press Enter Key)           or

C:\>VOL A: (Press Enter Key)

 

COMPUTER TYPES & CLASSIFICATIONS

The computer, which can process the received data to the data input of the data is the result of an electronic device and the data processed in accordance with the instruction data.

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER

 The use of computer is was not so common several years ago as it is today.

The main benefits / importance of computer in daily life are as follows.

1. SPEED : - Computer work at a very high speed and are much faster than humans. A computer can perform billions of calculations a second. A process is called the speed of the processing performed by a computer.
   
   
2. STORAGE :- A computer can store large amount of data permanently user can use / access this data which is stored in a computer any time.
   
   
3. PROCESSING :- A computer can process the given instruction. It can perform different type of processing like addition, subtraction, division & multiplication with in second.
   
   
4. ACCURACY :- Accuracy means to provide result without any error. Which data is processed by computer it 100% accurate,  there is no chance of error in process of computer. The computer can process large amounts of data and get accurate results.
   
   
5. COMMUNICATION :- Most computer today have the capability of communicating with other computer. We can connect two or more computers using a communication device such as a modem, NIC card.
   
   
6. VERSATILE :- Computers can perform a variety of tasks. We can use computers in offices, hospitals, banks or at home.
   
   
7. COST REDUCTION :- Another advantage of computer is cost reduction. We can perform a difficult task in less time and less cost, for example we have hired many people to handle an office. The same work can be performing by a single computer.

GENERATION OF COMPUTER

Although the development of Computer is continuous process, however, it can be categorized in to the following generations based on the technology used for the Computer System.

FIRST GENERATION (1942 - 1955) :- All computers developed in this generation were based on Vacuum Tubes technology, i.e. ENIC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), Mark-I, Mark-II etc.

ADVANTAGES :-

• Vacuum tube technology made possible to make electronic digital computers.
• These computers could calculate data in millisecond.

DISADVANTAGES :-

• These were very large.
• consumed a large amount of energy.
• Very slow.
• Expensive.
• Use machine language only.
• Heated very soon due to thousands of vacuum tube.

 SECOND GENERATION (1955 - 1964)
Computers of this generation were based on transistor technology (space on the side of the vacuum tube transistor) and they opened the gateway to commercial development for the sale of computers. Size fast transistor operations were smaller and less expensive than vacuum tubes. e.g. EDVAC, IBM-1401.
ADVANTAGES

• Smaller in size as compared to first generation computers..
• Less energy used.
• Produce less heat. 
• Less costly.
• Speed of these computers were high.
• Use of assembly language instead of machine language.

THIRD GENERATION (1964 - 1975)
The Computer of the third generation were based on integrated circuits (ICs) technology (transistor replaced by ICs). Solid electronic technology in early 1960 - was introduced in the state. The development of integrated circuits (ICs) is called solid state technology or small scale integration (SSI). The integrated circuits (ICs) are the collection of many electronic devices like transistors on a signal chip of silicon. This Technology enabled computers to the electronic revolution. IBM-360, IBM-370 etc.
ADVANTAGES

• Small in size compared to previous generation.
• Less energy used.
• Produce less heat in compare of previous generation..
• More good speed, calculate data in Nano seconds. 
• Less expensive.
• Could be use high level language.

DISADVANTAGES

• Air conditions was required.
• High technology required for the manufacture of IC Chips.

FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTER (1975-Present)
They used microprocessors in fourth generation computers. A small microprocessor chip contains thousands of the ICC. It greatly reduces the size of the computer. It was introduced in the generation microprocessor, which microcomputers were. i.e. IBM - PC etc.

ADVANTAGES

• Very small in size.
• Less power consumption.
• Less heat generated.
•  Best speed.
• General purpose.
• Commercial production.

DISADVANTAGE

• High advance technology required manufacturing microprocessor.

 FIFTH GENERATION (A1)(1980 - 1990)
The rapid progress in computer technology is still continued and active research is going on in different fields of computer technology by there is no well-defined categorization after fourth generation. The reason may be that are now taking place in a variety of previous developments, competition in computer hardware and software sectors, which took place in most areas of electronics development. The computers of this generation were based on the principles of life and the A1. Software development was taking precedence over hardware, which led to the introduction of artificial intelligence. E.g. Robotics, Computer Vision etc.

SIXTH GENERATION (ANN'S) (SINCE 1990)
This generation of computer artificial neural network system based on the principles of (ANNS). As a result, it seems the computer and can decide to solve various problems. e.g. Character recognition etc.

TYPES OF COMPUTER (Categories of Computer)
Analog Computers
It has information about the machines process, the nature of which is not discrete or separate. An Analog computer is used for measurement. The speed of Analog is fast by not so accurate. Analog Computer measure Temperature, Pressure, Current Voltage and Depth etc. This quantity continues in nature and there are millions of types. Or In other words we can say that is represented in the form of computers, information automobile speed meters, current, etc. Analog Watch.

Digital Computers
A digital works with digits. Everything is described in two states i.e. either ON or OFF. No. 1 and 0 of the OFF state.

The digital computers are very fast. They can be programmed to perform mathematical calculation. Compare value etc.
All operations take place at a very high speed computers and very accurate and precise results. Such as Digital computer, Calculators, Digital watch etc.

Difference Between Analog & Digital Computer
Analog Computers measure while Digital Computers count. Analog computers and digital computer as well as fast, more accurate, if not quickly but accurately.
Hybrid Computers
Hybrid Computer is also known as Mash Computer, it is a combination Analog and Digital Computer. Part of the processing is done on the part of analog computers and digital computers.
These Computers are used in some specialized applications. Hybrid computer devices may calculate patient's heart function, temperature, and blood pressure. Measurement data can be converted and displayed in digital form e.g. Hybrid Watches, digital petrol pumps etc.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER
Classification of Computer with respect to size.

• Micro Computer.
• Mini Computer.
• Mainframe Computer.
• Super Computer.

Mainframe Computers

These are the most expensive, largest and fastest computers used in a large organization. Main Frame interacts with large amounts of data and services to support various input and output devices. The mainframe is priced at Rs 1 million and can serve a maximum of 150 users or more at a time.

 

Mini Computers

These computers are larger in size than both PCs and these computers have the capabilities to serve many users at a time in other facilities such as speed, storage capacity etc. They are more expensive than PCs. Their speeds are rated 1 to 50 MIPS or higher, such as Wax / 11730, IBM / 8310, etc.

 

Micro Computers

These are also called Personal Computers (PCs). These are the most popular digital computers are used in all areas of life. They are small in memory and have low processing capacity. They also called chip computer, because the whole Circuitry clock on the same chip. Microcomputers are the equivalent of today's mainframe. Such as IBM-PC, XT, AT Compatibles 286, 386, 486, 586, P-I, P-II, P-III, P-IV etc.

Super Computers

Supercomputer is called the "Number Cruncher" because they are a special computer to deal with. It can process trillions of instructions in a second. The modern super computer consists of thousands of microprocessor. These computers are very much expensive. Two families of commercially available Super Computers are the GRAY - XP, ETA - 10, Deep Blue and Aci White.

Use of Super Computer

Super computer is mostly used for weather prediction, weapon design, preparing model of chemical and biological system, and studying the neural network of brain. These are used in a nuclear reactor.

Supercomputer is used in business and industry sectors

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER W.R.T. PURPOSE 

We can do the following two types of distributed computers.

1.     General Purpose Computers.

2.     Special Purpose Computers.

General Purpose Computers

Computers such business, a wide variety of problems in many areas such as education, science, etc. are used to solve. General - Purpose computers can store large amount of data and that is why most business enterprises use them. These Computers are used for multipurpose. For example, Micro Computer.

 

Special Purpose Computers

These types of computers support highly specialized data processing activity. These computers are used to solve problems in certain categories. That is. These computers are used to perform a particular task. e.g. Computer used in the Atomic Energy Commission, Computer used for eye sight, wheel alignment etc.