SPREAD SHEET

MICROSOFT EXCEL
Ms-Excel is a package (Software/Programm). Ms-Excel is used for mathematical, statistical, scientific, graphics, tabulation, database and accounting purpose. It consist of rows and columns. Columns are named as A, B, C, D.................................IV and rows are named as 1,2,3,4.........................65536. It has 256 columns and 65536 rows. Ms-Excel provides the ability to perform calculation, format reports, create charts (graphics), and even provides a simple database facility.
HOW TO START MS-EXCEL 
To start Ms-Excel follow the following steps.

1. Click start button.
2. Point out programm, a sub menu display
3. Click Ms-Excel.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MANUAL AND ELECTRONIC (COMPUTER) SPREADSHEET
Electronic (Computer Spreadsheet) are far better than manual Spreadsheet in all most all aspect. We will discuss only some of the benefits of using a Electronic spreadsheet.

1. Electronic spreadsheets work thousand of times faster than the manual spreadsheet. Your work in an electronic spreadsheet is better, faster and precise than manual spreadsheet.
2. In the manual spreadsheet, if you find an error after making it, you have to erase it or you will have to make the whole worksheet again. Whereas in electronic worksheet, you can check and correct your worksheet before printing. Also you get the facilities of spell checking, finding and replacing, auto-correcting and many more, which give more part of the work to the computer and less to you.
3. You can copy the formula once you made to all other amounts in the worksheet, while in the manual worksheet you are to calculate the formula for every amount.
4. You can make your worksheet more beautiful and smart by adding charts and graphical objects, while the manual worksheet is a dumb-looking piece of white paper. No charm, no glamor.
5. The electronic worksheet is much bigger than the manual worksheet.
6. Saving your worksheets a big problem you can have with the manual work. Every time you make a worksheet for one purpose, you are to save it in a different file. Also you are to store the previous worksheets to keep track of what going on. In the electronic work, you can save them on you disk, which saves the loos of paper and you can move many worksheets on one floppy disk, USB device in your pocket. Other way, you would have to pick a bundle of papers with you.
7. Other benefits contain the tools for spell-checking, built-in formula list, different fonts and size, automatic alignment, copying and pasting, linking and many more which are difficult to be listed here. However, once you get started with a electronic worksheet, it looks damn difficult to go back to the manual method.

DIFFERENT TERMINOLOGY USE IN MS-EXCEL

WORKBOOK
Ms-Excel file is called workbook. Workbook is combination of sheets. A workbook is the file in which you work and store your data. Because each workbook can contain many sheet, you can organize various kinds of related information in a single file. By default every workbook contains three sheets. We can increase or decrease the number of sheets in workbook.

WORKSPACE
workspace as a group of workbook file. Workspace is used to save a group of workbooks in a workspace. You can open a group of workbooks in one step by creating a workspace file. A workspace file saves information about all open workbooks, such as their locations, window sizes, and screen position. The workspace file does not contain the workbooks themselves, and you must continue to save changes you make to the individual workbooks.

1. Open the workbooks you want to open as a group.
2. Size and position the workbook windows as you want them to appear the next time you use the workbooks.
3. On the File menu, click Save Workspace.
4. In the File name box, enter a name for the workspace file.

WORKSHEET / SPREAD SHEET

Worksheet is used to list and analyse data. You can enter and edit data on several worksheets simultaneously and perform calculations. Think of them as a powerful multi purpose calculator, capable of every thing from simple to complicated calculation. Each worksheet is divided into row, column and cell separate by gridlines. The mane of the sheet apear on tabs at the bottom of the workbook window. To move from sheet to sheet, click the sheet  tabs. The name of the active sheet is bold.

COLUMN
Column are vertical division of worksheet. The column name are letter. The first column is column A, and the last column is called IV. Each worksheet has 256 columns (A through IV).
ROWS
Rows are horizontal division worksheet. Each row is separated by horizontal gridlines. Rows are numbered. The first row is 1 and the last row is known as 65536. Each worksheet has 65536 rows (1 through 65536).
CELL
The intersection of a row and column is a rectangle area is called cell. Cell is the basic unit of spreadsheet. Worksheet consists of columns A,B,C,D,........... and row 1,2,3,............ Column and row when combined make a cell, such as A12, B3, F11, M921............. A cell can contain a value, a formula or a text entry.
CELL ADDRESS
Cell address (reference) are the compbination of column letter and row number. Each cell has uniqe address. For example, the upper left cell of a worksheet is A1.
GRIDLINES
The lines on the worksheet dividing it into rows and columns. These lines are normally non-printable and we easily examine the data, its rows and columns. These gridlines cut each other throughout the worksheet to make the boundaries for each cell.
FORMULA BAR
Formula bar is display below the tool bar and above the sheet column name. The formula bar is used to show the formula.
Othe bar is maximum the same is in Ms-Word.

CREATING, OPENING, RENAMING, SAVING, CLOSING, WORKBOOK/SPREADSHEET

1. CREATE A NEW WORKBOOK (Ctrl + N)
   This command is used to create a new workbook file. Follow the following steps.
• Click on File menu
• Click on New 
• To create a new, blank workbook, click the General tab, and then double click the workbook icon.
2. OPEN AN EXISTING WORKBOOK (Ctrl + O)
   This command is used to openj an existing workbook file by follow the following steps
• Click on the File menu
• Click Open
• In the Open Window select from Look in field dreive, folder, or FTP location that contains the workbook you want to open, and then locate and double click the folder that contains the workbook.
3. RENAME A WORKBOOK/FILE
   This command is used to change the name of an existing workbook or file.
• Click Open
• In the Look in box, click the drive or folder that contains the file which you want to rename.
• In the folder list, double click folders that contains the file you want.
• Right click the file you want to rename, anhd the click Rename option on the shortcut menu.
  Type the new name, and then press ENTER.
4. SAVING A WORKBOOK WITH SAVE AS OPTION (F12)
   This command is used to save a new, unnamed workbook or to save a workbook with a new name.
• Click on File menu, Click Save As
• In the Save As window Save in field select the drive and folder where you want to save the workbook.
• In the File name box, type a name for the workbook.
• Click Save or press Enter.
5. SAVE AN EXISTING WORKBOOK WITH SAVE OPTION (Ctrl + S)
   This command is used to save a workbook with the same name or to save new workbook first time.
• Click Save in File menu or press Ctrl + S.
6. CLOSING A WORKBOOK/SPREAD SHEET (Ctrl + F4 or Ctrl + W)
   This command is used to close an opened workbook by follow the following steps:
• Click on the File menu
• Click on Close option or press Ctrl + W or Ctrl + F4.
  
  To close all open workbooks/spread sheet without exiting the program, hold down SHIFT, click on the File menu and then click Close All. 

 EDITING FUNCTION

1. UNDO (Ctrl + Z)
   This procedure is used to undo any changes you mad. To undo any changes follow the following steps
   
   • Click Undo in Edit menu on Menu Bar
   OR
   UNDO MISTAKES
   • To undo recent actions one at a time, click Undo
     Tp imdp severa; actopms at pmce. c;ocl tje arrow mext to Undo and select from the list.
     Microsoft Excel reverses the selected action and all actions above it.
2. REDO (Ctrl + Y)
   This procedure is used to reverse the action of the Undo command. To use4 Redo follow the following steps:
   
   • Click Redo in Edit menu on Menu bar.
   OR
   To Redo one action at a time, click Redo.
   To Redo more than one action at a time click the arrow next to and the click the Redo icon in Standard tool bar.
3. FILL (Ctrl + D or Ctrl + R)
   This command is used to copies the contents and format of the cell or selected into the cells, down, up, right, and left any one. Follow the following steps.
   
   • Select the range which you want to fill 
   • Point to Fill in Edit menu
   • Select Dowin, Up, Right or Left any one.
4. AUTO FILL
   • Select the cell that contain the data you want to copy.
   • Drag the fill handle across the cells you want to fill, and then release the mouse button.
     OR
   • Enter first cell value and the select range wich you want to fill.
   • Point to fill in Edit menu and click on Series.
   • A Series dialog box appear select different option.
   • Enter the increase value in Step Value Box and end value in the Stop Value Box.
5. DELETE (DEL.key)
   This procedure is used to delete cells, row, or column .
   
   • Select cells, row, or column you want to delete
   • On edit menu Click Delete.
   • Select any radio button from Delete Dialog Box.
   • Press OK button.
6. CUT (MOVE) Cell Entries.(Ctrl +X & Ctrl + V)
   To cut a cell or range of cells contents to another location. Follow the following steps.
   
   • Select the cell or range of cell you want to cut or move.
   • Click on Edit menu.
   • Click Cut. 
   • Move to the cell or select the cell where you want to move.
   • Click on the Edit menu 
   • Click Paste option.
     OR by short cut key
   • Select cell or range of cells 
   • Press Ctrl + X.
   • Move to the cell or select cell where you want Cut.
   • Press Ctrl + V.
7. COPY CELL ENTRIES (Ctrl + C and Ctrl + V)
   To copy a cell or range of cells contents to another location. Follow the following steps:
   
   • Select the cell or range of cells you want to copy.
   • Click on the Edit menu.
   • Click Copy.
   • Move to the cell or select the cell where you want to copy.
   • Click on the Edit menu.
   • Click Paste option.
     Or by short cut key 
   • Select cell or range of cells and then press Ctrl + C. 
   • Move to the cell or select cell where you want to Copy.
   • Press Ctrl + V.
8.  PASTE (Ctrl + V)
   To paste procedure is used to insert the contents of the clipboard at the insertion point. This command is only available if you have cut or copied an object, text, or contents of a cell or range of cells. Follow the following steps:
   
   • Click on Pastte in edit menu. Or press Ctrl + V. 
9. CLEAR
   This procedure is used to erase or remove the contents of a cell or a range of cell.
   
   • Select the cells you want to clear.
   • Click on the Edit menu.
   • Point to Clear.
   • Click any one from (All, Contents, Formats or Comments).
   Or
   
   • Select the cell or range of cells.
   • Press Delete key.
10.  FIND TEXT (Ctrl + F)
    This procedure is used to find / search selected cells or sheet for the character you specify follow the following steps:
    
    • Click on Edit menu in Menu Bar.
    • Click on Find, a find dialog box appear.
    • Type the character to search in the Find What Field.
    • Click on  Find Next to find one by one.
11. REPLACE TEXT: (Ctrl + H)
    This procedure is used to replace character or word with another character or word in the current worksheet. To replace a particular word or piece of character, follow the following steps:
    
    • Click on Edit menu on Menu Bar.
    • Click Replace, a replace dialog box appear.
    • Type the character to search in the Find Field.
    • Type the character or word to replace in Replace With Field.
    • Click Replace to replace one by one,  Or
      Click Replace All to replace all words.

 INSERTING

1.  HEADER AND FOOTER
   A header is text added to the top margin of page and footer is text added to the bottom margin of page.
   The following procedure is used to insert / change header and footer at each page in a worksheet.
   
   • Click on the worksheet to which put header and footer.
   • Click on the View menu.
   • Click on Header or Footer.
   • Click in the Left section, Center section, or Right section box, enter any text or data for header or footer or click the the buttons to insert on header or footer othe information - such as the page number - that you want in that section.
2. INSERT CELLS / INSERT BLANK CELL
   This command is used to insert a cell or range of cells in a worksheet. Inserts cells starting at the insertion point. You can choose to shift other cells in the table to the right or down.
   
   • Select the number of cells as you want to insert.
   • Click on the Insert menu.
   • Click Cells.
   • A dialog box appear on screen.
   • Click Shift cells right or Shift cell down radio button.
3. INSERT ROW
   Insert a Row
   This procedure is used to insert a row in a worksheet, follow the following steps.
   
   • Click a cell in the row where you want to insert a row.
   • Click on Insert menu.
   • Click on Row.
   TO INSERT MULTIPLE ROWS
   This procedure is used to insert more than one row in a worksheet. Follow the following steps.
   
   • Select cells in the column where you want to insert rows.
   • Click on Insert menu.
   • Click on Rows.
4. INSERT COLUMN
   Insert a column (Single Column)
   This command is used to insert a column in a worksheet. Follow the following steps:
   
   • Click a cell in the column where you want to insert a column.
   • Click on Insert menu.
   • Click on Column.
   INSERTION OF MULTIPLE COLUMNS
   This command is used to insert range of columns in a worksheet. Follow the following steps:
   
   • Select range of cells in the column where you want to insert column.
   • Click on Insert menu.
   • Click on Column.
5. WORKSHEET
   Insert a new Worksheet
   This procedure is used to add a single new worksheet to the left of selected sheet. tab.
   
   • Click on the Insert menu.
   • Click on Worksheet.
   INSERT MULTIPLE WORKSHEETS
   This procedure is used to add new multiple worksheets to the left of selected sheet tab.
   
   • Hold down SHIFT.
   • Click the number of worksheet tabs you want to add in the open workbook.
   • Click on Worksheet in Insert menu.
    

WORKING WITH FORMULA 

What is Formula? 

A formula is an equation that performs operations on worksheet data. Formula can perform mathematical operations, such a addition and multiplication, or they can compare worksheet values or join text. Formula can refer to other cells on the same worksheet, cells on other sheets in the same workbook, or cells on sheets in other workbooks.

1. ENTERING FORMULA WITH THE HELP OF FORMULA BAR
   • Click the cell in which you want to enter the formula.
   • To start the formula with the function, click Edit Formula Symbol (=) in the formula bar.
   • Click the down arrow next to the Functions box. 
   • Click the function you want to add to the formula. If the function does not appear in the list, click More Functions for a list of additional functions.
   • Enter the argument that is reference of cell or value.
   • When you complete the formula, press ENTER.
2. ENTERING FORMULA DIRECTLY IN TO A CELL
   This procedure is used to enter a formula directly in cell in an opened sheet.
   • Click the cell in which you want to enter the formula.
   • Type = (an equal sign).
   • Enter the formula and press Enter key.
   For example in above figure:
   =SUM(A1:A3) equals 6
   =PRODUCT (A1:A3) equal 6
   =2+3*4 equal 14
3. USE OF ARITHMETIC & LOGICAL FORMULA
   • Use Arithmetic Formula
     
     Formula calculate values in a specific order. A formula in Microsoft Excel always begins with an equal sign (=). The equal sign tells Excel that the succeeding characters constitute a formula. Following the equal sign are the elements to be calculated (the operands), which are separated by calculation operator. Excel calculates the formula from left to right, according to a specific order for each operator in the formula. You can change the order of operation by using parentheses.
     In the example below, the parentheses around the first part of the formula force Excel to calculate B4+25 first and then divide the result by the sum of the values in cells D5, E5, and F5.
     =(B4+25)/SUM(D5:F5)
     OR
     =(2+3)/5 first calculate 2+3 is equal to 5 and the divide by 5 result is 5. It is arithmetical formula. 
   • Logical Formula
     Formula that calculate values and gives result true or false is called logical formula. the If function is called logical function. The IF worksheet function checks a condition that must be either true or false. If the condition is true, the function returns one value; if the condition is false; the function returns another value. The function has three arguments: the condition you want to check, the value to return if the condition is true, and the value to return if the condition is false.
     =IF(logical_text,value_if_true,value_if_false)
     e.g. =IF(B4<10,"Less than 10","equal or greater than 10")
     if value in B4 is less than 10 it will give result Less than 10, if value in B4 not less than 10 it will give result Equal or greater than 10.

EDIT FORMULA

This procedure is used to edit a formula for modification.

1. Double click the cell that contains the formula you want to edit or press F2.
2. Make changes to the formula.
3. Press Enter button.

Display Formula / Values in a cell 

This procedure is used to display formula or formula values (result) in a cell of a sheet.

Displaying formula

For displaying formula use the following steps:

1. Click on Tools menu on menu bar.
2. Click on option.
3. Option dialog box display on screen.
4. Click on View Tab.
5. Click on Formula check box to tick it.
6. Click OK button.

Displaying Values of Formula (Result) 

For displaying formula values (result) use the following steps:

1. Click on Tool menu on menu bar.
2. Click on Option.
3. Option Dialog box display on screen
4. Click on View Tab.
5. Click on Formula Check Box to UN-check it.
6. Click OK button.

Freeze Formula Value 

This procedure is used to freeze the formula value that is if we change the values of the cells given in formula range the value of the formula does not change from it previous calculated value.

Step:

1. Click on Tool menu.
2. Click on Option an option dialog box display on screen.
3. Click on calculation tab on option dialog box..
4. Click on manual radio button to on it (check).
5. Click on OK button.

If you want to recalculate press F9 key on key board.

Relative, Absolute and Mixed Cell Reference 

A Cell or range of references
A reference identifies a cell or a range of cells on a worksheet and tells Microsoft Excel where to look for the values or data you want to use in a formula. With references, you can use data contained in different part of a worksheet in one formula or use the value from one cell in several formulas. You can also refer to cells on other sheets in the same workbook, to other workbooks, and to data in other programms. References to cells in other workbooks are called external references. References to data in other programms are called remote references.

Relative References  

Relative cell references, which are references to cells relative to the position of the formula. Relative references automatically adjust when you copy them. 

When you create a formula, references to cells or ranges are usually based on their position relative to the cell that contains the formula. In the following example, cell A5 contains the formula =SUM(A1:A3) Microsoft Excel finds the value from A1 to A5. this known as relative reference.

When you copy a formula that uses relative references, Excel automatically adjusts the references in the pasted of the formula. In the following example, the formula in cell A5 =SUM(A1:A3), which is from A1 to A3, has been copied to cell B5. Excel has adjusted the formula in cell B5 to =Sum(B1:B3), which refers to the cells. from B1 to B3.

Absolute Reference 

Absolute references, which are cell references that always refer to cells in a specific location. If a dollar sign precedes the letter and / or number, such as $A$1, the column and / or row reference is absolute. Absolute references don't adjust when you copy them.

The Difference Between Relative & Absolute References

If you don't want Excel to adjust references when you copy a formula to a different cell, use an absolute reference. For example, if your formula multiplies cell A2 with cell C2=(A2*C2) and you copy the formula to another cell, Excel will adjust both references. You can create an absolute reference to cell A2 by placing a dollar sign ($) before the parts of the reference that do not change. To create an absolute reference to cell A2, for example, add dollar signs to the formula as shown in the follows figure =$A$2*B5
In cell C2 we enter formula =$A$2*C2. We copy this formula from C2 to C3 and upto C5. The value of B2 change because it is relative and the value of $A$2 does not change because it is absolute value.

Mix Cell Reference
If you want Excel to adjust references when you copy a formula to a different cell, use an absolute reference and relative both. For example, if your formula divide cell C2 by $B2 and multiply by 100 as in D2 =(C2/$B2*100) and you copy the formula to another cell, Excel will adjust both references. You can create a relative references to cell C2 and an absolute reference to column B by placing dollar ($) sign before the part of the reference that don not change and relative to row 2 that change its value from 2 to 4. To create an absolute reference to cell A2, for example, add dollar signs to the formula as shown in the follows figure
=$A$2*B5
In cell D2 we enter formula =C2/$B2*100. We copy this formula from D2 to D3 and D4. The value of C2 change because it is relative and the value of $B does not change because it is absolute value and the value of 3 in $B3 changes because it is relative and 100 is constant so =C2/$B2*100 is Mixed formula.

Switching Between Relative and Absolute References
 If you created a formula and want to change relative references to absolute (and vice versa), select the cell that contains the formula. In the Formula Bar, select the reference you want to change and press F4. Each time you press F4. Excel toggles through the combinations: absolute column and absolute row (for example, $C$1); relative column and absolute row (C$1); absolute column and relative row ($C1); and relative column and relative row(C1). For example, if you select the address $A$1 in a formula and press F4, the reference becomes A$1. Press F4 again and the reference becomes $A1, and so on.

USE OF BUILT IN FUNCTION
About Using Function to Calculate Values
Functions are predefined formulas that perform calculation by using specific values, called arguments, in a particular order, or structure, for example; the SUM function adds values or ranges of cells.

Arguments
Arguments can be numbers, text, logical values such as TRUE or FALSE. The argument you designate must produce a valid value for that argument. Arguments can also be Constants formulas, or other functions. For more information about using a function as an argument for another function, also known as nesting functions, click.

Structure
The structure of a function begins with the function name, followed by an opening parenthesis, the arguments for the function separated by commas, and a closing parenthesis. If the function starts a formula, type a equal sign (=) before the function name. As you create a formula that contains a function, the Formula Palette will assist you.

1. DATE AND TIME FUNCTION
   
   • DATE
     This function is used to return a particular date.
     Syntax
     =DATE(year, month, day)
     Year
     The year argument can be one to four digits. Excel interprets the year argument according to the date system you are using.
     =DATE(2004,2,19) equals February 19th, 2004.
   • TIME
     This function is used to return a particular time according to a specified format.
     Syntax
     =TIME(hour,minute,second)
     Hour is a number from 0 (zero) to 23 representing the hour.
     Minute is a number from 0 to 59 representing the minute.
     Second is a number from 0 to 59 representing the second.
     Example
     TIME(12, 0, 0) equal to 12:00:00 PM
     TIME(16, 45, 10) equal to 04:45:10 PM
     TEXT(TIME(23, 18, 14), "hh:mm:ss AM/PM" equal to "11:18:14 PM"
     In the above figure
     =TIME(18, 12, 15) equal to 06:12 PM or 18:12:15
    
2. CONCATENATE
   This function is used to joins several text strings into one text string.
   Syntax =CONCATENATE (text1, text2,.....)
   Text1, text2..... are 1 to 30 text items to be joined into a single text item. The text items can be text strings, number or single - cell references.
   Remarks
   The "&" operator can be used instead of CONCATENATE to join text items.
   Example
   CONCATENATE("Total","Value") equals "Total Value". This is equivalent to typing
   " Total"&" "&"Value"
   Suppose in a stream survey worksheet, C2 contains "species", C5 contains "brook trout", and C8 contains the total 32.
   CONCATENATE("Stream population for", C5," "C2," is ", C8,"/mile")
3. SUM
   This function is used to Sum two or more number.
   For example:
   =SUM(2,4) To add 2, 4 the result is 6.
   =SUM(A1:A10) To add number from cell A1 to cell A10 etc.
4. IF
   Return one value if a condition you specify evaluates to TRUE and another value if the evaluate to FALSE.
   Use IF to conduct conditional test on values and formulas.
   Syntax
   IF(logical_test,value_if_true, value_if_false)
   Logical_text is any value or expression that can be evaluated to TRUE or FALSE.
   For example, A10=100 is a logical expression; if the value in cell A10 is equal to 100, the expression evaluates to TRUE. Otherwise, the expression evaluates to FALSE. This argument can use any comparison calculation operator.
   Value_if_true is the value that is returned if logical_test is TRUE. For example, =IF(A1>10,"Greater","Less"), if the value in cell A1>10 True the result will be Greater. Value if false is the value that is returned if logical test is FALSE
   For example, =IF(A1>10,"Greater","Less") if the value in cell A1>10 False the result will be Less.
5. NESTE IF FUNCTION 
   You can use IF in nested form in the following example.
   =IF(B2>=60,"First",IF(B2>=40,"Second",IF(B2>=33,"Thrid",IF(B2<33,"Fail))))
6. MAX 
   Return the largest number in a set of values.
   =MAX(number1,number2,......)
   Number1, number2,....... are 1 to 30 numbers for which you want to find the maximum value.
   Example
   If A1=10, A2=7, A3=9, A4=27 AND A5=2 then:
   =MAX(A1:A5) equal to 27
   =MAX(A1:A5, 30) equal to 30
7. MIN
   Returns the smallest number in a set of values.
   Syntax
   =MAX(number1,number2,.......)
   Number1, number2,...... are 1 to 30 numbers for which you want to find the minimum value.
   Example
   If A1=10, A2=7, A3=9, A4=27 AND A5=2 then:
   =MIN(A1:A5) equal to 2
   =MIN(A1:A5, 0) equal to 0
8. AVERAGE
   This function returns the average (arithmetic mean) of the arguments.
   Syntax
   AVERAGE(number1,number2,......)
   Number1, number2, ...... are 1 to 30 numeric arguments for which you want the average.
   Example
   If A1=10, A2=7, A3=9, A4=27 AND A5=2 then:
   =AVERAGE(A1:A5) equal to 11
   =AVERAGE(A1:A5, 5) equal 10
   =AVERAGE(A1:A5) equals
   =SUM(A1:A5)/COUNT(A1:A5) equal to 11
9. COUNT
   This function is used to counts the number of numeric cells within a range.
   =CONT(range)
   For example in figure
   =COUNT(A1:A6) equals 4 because there are 4 numeric between A1 to A6
   COUNTA: This function is used to Counts the number of cells that have alphabetic data or numeric data or alphanumeric data.
   Syntax
   =COUNTA(range)
   for example in above figure
   =COUNTA(A1:A6) equal to 5
   because there are f fill cells between A1 to A6
   COUNTBLANK: This function is used to counts the number of blank cells in specified range.
   Syntax
   =COUNTBLANK(range)
   In the given figure
   =COUNTBLANK(A1:A6) EQUAL 2
10. NOW()
    Return the current date and time in cell.
11. MONTH
    Return the month of a date represented by a serial number. The month is given as an integer, ranging from 1 (January) to 12 (December).
    Syntax
    MONTH("Year/Month/Day")
    Example
    MONTH("6-May") equal to 5
    MONTH(2004/04/01") equal to 4
12. DAY
    Return the day of a date represented by a serial number. The is given as an integer, ranging from 1 to 31.
    Syntax
    DAY("Year/Month/Day")
    =Day("4-Jan") equal to 4
    =DAY("15-Apr-2012") equal to 15
    =DAY(("8/11/2012") equal to 11
    =DAY("2012/10/10") equal to 10
13. YEAR
    Return the year corresponding to a date. The year is returned as an integer in the range 2000 to 2999
    Syntax
    YEAR("Year/Month/Day")
    For example =YEAR("7/5/2012") equal to 2012
    =YEAR(2006/05/01") equal to 2006
14. UPPER
    This function is used to change the text in to upper case.
    Syntax
    UPPER(text)
    Text is the text you want to converted to uppercase. Text can be a reference or text string.
    Example
    =UPPER("total") equal to TOTAL
    =If A1 contains "gcms", then:
    =UPPER(A1) equal to "GCMS"
15. LOWER
    This function is used to converts all uppercase letters in a text string into lowercase.
    Syntax
    =LOWER(text)
    Text is the text you want to convert to lowercase.
    LOWER does not change characters in text that are not letters.
    Example
    =LOWER("GCMS") equal to "gcms"
    =LOWER("Apt.2B) equal to "apt.2b"
16. LEFT
    LEFT returns the first character or characters in a text string, based on the number of characters you specify.
    Syntax
    =LEFT(text, num_chars)
    Text is the text string that contains the characters you want to extract.
    Num_chars specifies the number of characters you want LEFT to extract.
    
    • Num_chars must be greater than or equal to zero.
    • If num_chars is greater than the length of text, LEFT returns all of text.
    • If num_chars is omitted, it is assumed to 1.
    Example
    =LEFT("Sale Price",4) equal to "Sale"
    If A1 contains "KHALID", then:
    =LEFT(A1) equal to "K"
17. RIGHT
    RIGHT returns the last character or characters in a text string, based on the number of characters you specify.
    Syntax
    RIGHT(text, num_chars)
    Text is text string containing the characters you want to extract.
    Num_chars specifies the number of characters you want RIGHT to extract.
    Num_chars must be greater than or equal to zero.
    If num_chars is greater than length of text, RIGHT returns all of text.
    If num_chars is omitted, it is assumed to be 1.
    Example
    =RIGHT("Sale Price", 5) equal to "Price"
    =RIGHT("KHLID") equal to "D"

TOOLS AND DATA

1. SPELL CHECK (F7)
   This procedure is used to checks spelling in the active workbook. To apply spell check follows the following Steps:
   
   • Click on Spell in Tools Menu.
   • Spell check dialog box appear.
   • Select anu suggestion for every word.
   • Click on Change button.
   • IF you don't select any option then press Ignore button
2. AUTO CORRECT
   This procedure is used to correct word automatically. As you enter a word computer automatically replace. It to its store style.
   
   • One the Tool menu, click AutoCorrect.
   • In the Replace box, type a word or phrase that you often want to replace e.g. usu.
   • In the With box, type the word that you want replace with e.g. usually.
   • Click Add.
3. PROTECTION
   This procedure is used to protect a workbook or worksheet. To protect a sheet than you cannot change the content of cell.
   
   • Click on Tool menu.
   • Point to Protection, in drop down menu click Protect Sheet or Protect Workbook. OR Protect and Shared Workbook.
   • Click different option, enter password in Protect Sheet dialog box. And click on OK button.
4. DATA SORTING AND FILTERING DATA MENU
   • SORT
     This command is used to rearranges the information in selected rows or cells alphabetically, numerically, or by date in ascending or descending order.
   • Select rang of cells to sort.
   • Click on the Data menu.
   • Click on Sort a sort dialog box display on screen.
   • Select column on which you want sort as shown above Column A and you may also select other option.
   • Click Sort Ascending or Descending.
   • Click OK button.
   •  FILTER
     Filtering is a quick and easy way to find and work with a subset of data in a list. A filtered list displays only the rows that meet the criteria you specify for a column, Microsoft Excel provides two command for filtering lists:
     
     • AutoFilter, which includes filter by selection, for simple criteria.
     • Advance Filter, for more complex criteria.
     Unlike sorting, filtering does not re-arrange a list. Filtering temporarily hides rows, which you do not want to display.
     
     • Select range of cells to filter.
     • Click on the Data menu.
     • Click Filter.
     • Select AutoFilter or AdvanceFilter.
     • Click arrow in corner of select range and apply different option.

FORMATTING

1. FORMAT CELL AND TEXT
   This procedure is used to change the layout (format) of a cell or range of cell that is font, border, alinement etc.
   
   • Select a cell or range of cells you want to format.
   • Click on the Format menu.
   • Click Cell.
   • Select different option from Format Cell Dialog Box.
   • Click OK.
   TO INSERT DECIMAL PLACES
   
   • Select a cell of range of cells you want to format.
   • Click on the Format menu.
   • Click Cells.
   • Format Cell Dialog Box appear.
   • Select number from category list box.
   • Different format number appear, select any format from them
   • Enter number of decimal you want in decimal places box.
   • Press OK button.
   TO CONVERT SELECT CELLS IN TO TEXT
   This procedure is used to convert selected cells into text even if numerical will be treated as text and no calculation is performed on text.
   
   • Select a cell or range of cells you want to format.
   • Click on the Format menu. 
   • Format Cell Dialog Box appear.
   • Select Text from category list box.
   • Press OK button.
2. BORDER AND SHADING
   
   • BORDER
     This procedure is used to select border for selected cells.
     
     • Select the cells you want to add borders to. 
   • Click on the Format menu.
   • Click Cells.
   • Format Cell Dialog Box appear.
   • Click on Border tab, different border option appear.
   • Select different option according to your requirement.
   • Press OK button. 
   • SHADING
     This procedure is used to select fill color for selected cells.
   • Select the cell or range of cells, you want to add shad to.
   • Click on arrow next to Fill Colour button on Formatting Toolbar.
   • Select any color from color palette.
3. POSITIONING CELLS AND TEXT
   This procedure is used to change the position of the selected cells. That is horizontal and vertical etc. Follow the following steps:
   
   • Select the Cells you want to change the position.
   • Click on the Format menu.
   • Click Cells.
   • Format Cell Dialog Box appear.
   • Click on Border tab, different border options are appeared.
   • Click on Alignment tab, different options are appeared.
   • Select Left or Right or Center from alignment text box. 
   • Select Top or Bottom or Center or Justify from vertical text box. 
   • Select other option if you want.
   • Press OK button.
   
   
4. APPLY AN AUTOFORMAT TO A RANGE
   This procedure is used to convert the selected cell data into preset table format.
   
   • Select the range, you want to format.
   • On the Format menu, click AutoFormat.
   • Click the Format you want.
    
5. CATEGORIES OR A NUMBER
   There are three categories of a number are General, Number and Currency. General format cells have no specific number format, Number format is used for general monetary values. To convert format of selected range into any category in to any category follow the following steps.
   
   • Select a cell range of cell you want to format.
   • Click on Format menu.
   • Click on Cells.
   • Format Cell Dialog Box appear.
   • Select General or Number or Currency from category list box.
   • Different format number appear, select any format from them.
   • Enter number of decimal you want in decimal places box.
   • Press OK button.
    
6. ABOUT CELL AND RANGE REFERENCE
   A reference identifies a cell or a range of cells on a worksheet and tells Microsoft Excel where to look for the values or data you want to use in a formula. With references, you can use data contained in different parts of a worksheet in one formula or use the value from one cell in several formulas. You can also refer to cells on other sheets in the same workbook, to other workbooks, and to data in other programms. References to the cells in other workbooks are called remote references.
   The A1 vs. the R1C1 reference style;
   The A1 Reference Style
   By default, Excel uses the A1 reference style, which refers to columns with letters (A through IV, for a total of 256 column) and refers to rows with numbers (1 to 65536). These letters and numbers are called row and column headings. To refer to a cell, enter the column letter followed by the row number. For example, D50 refers to the cell at the intersection of column D and row 50. To refer to a range of cells, enter the reference for the cell in the upper-left corner of the range, a colon (;), and then reference to the cell in the lower-right corner of the range. The following are examples of of references.
   =sum(A1:A10) A1:A10 is range cell reference that is from A1 to A10.
7. ALIGNMENT
   This procedure is used to align data at the top, center, bottom, left or right of a cell. Follow the following steps:
   
   • Select cells you want to change Alignment.
   • On the Format menu, click Cell, and then click the Alignment tab, select left or right etc from Horizontal box.
   • In the Vertical box, click top, bottom, center or justify.
8. DATE AND TIME 
• DATE:The procedure is used to select style for date and time. Follow the following steps.

• Select a cell or range of cells to change date of it. 
• Click on the Format menu.
• Click Cells.
• Format Cell Dialog Box appear.
• Select Date from category list box.
• Click  Ok button. 
• TIME 
  This procedure to select style for time. Follow the following steps.
• Select a cell or range of cells to change Time of it.
• Click on the Format menu.
• Click Cells.
• Format Cell Dialog Box appear.
• Select Time from category list box.
• Select Time Style from type list box.
• Click Ok button

WORKING WITH CHART 

1. CREATE CHART
   The procedure is used to create chart. Follow the following steps.
• Select cells that contain the data that you want to appear in the chart. If you want the column and row labels to appear in the chart, include the cells that contain them in the selection.
• Click Chart Wizard or click the Chart in the Insert menu.
• Select chart type.
• Follow the instructions in the Chart Wizard.
• At the last click on Finish button.
2. EDITING CHART
   CHANGE CHART LABELS, TITLES AND OTHER TEXT
   Most chart text - such as category axis label, data series names, legend text, and data labels - is linked to the cells on the worksheet used to create the chart. If you edit the text of these items on the chart, they are no longer linked to the worksheet cells. To change the text of these items and maintain links to worksheet cells, edit the text on the worksheet.
   Change Category Axis Lables
   • To change category axis labels on the worksheet, click the cell that contains the label name you want to change, type the new name, and than press ENTER.
   • To change category axix labels on the chart, click the chart, and then click Source Data on the Chart menu. In the Category Axis Labels box on the Series tab, specify the worksheet range you want to use as category axix labels. You can also type the labels you want to use, separated by commas.
   
   Change Data Labels
   
   • to change data labels on the worksheet, click the cell that contains the information you want to change, type new text or value, and the press ENTER.
   • To change data labels on the chart, click once on the data label you want to change to select the data labels for the entire series, and then click again to select the individual data label. Type the new text or value, and then press ENTER.
     If you change the data label text on the chart, it is no longer linked to worksheet cell.
   
   Edit Chart and Axis Titles
   
   • Click the title you want to change.
   • Type the new text you want.
   • Press ENTER.

LEGEND

Legend is box that identifies the pattern or color that are assigned to the data series or categories in a chart.

Add A Legend To A Chart

1. Click the chart to which you want to add a Legend.
2. On the Chart menu, click Chart Options, and then click the Legend tab.
3. Select the Show Legend check box.
4. Under Placement,click the option you want.

Change Colour In A Surface Chart 

To format the colors of the levels in a surface chart, you must format the Legend Key.

1. If the chart does not have a Legend, add one.
2. Click the Legend once to select it, and then click the Legend Key that represents the surface level you want to change.
3. On the Format menu, click Selected Legend Key, and then click the Patterns tab.
4. Click the color you want, and then repeat steps 2 and 3 for each level you want to format.

Font and Rotated Text 

You can format text in a chart as you would any other text. Click the text or item, then change the font, size, and colour by clicking the buttons on the Formatting tool bar.

Change the Font & Size of Text in a Chart
If a chart Title or Text Box is linked to a worksheet cell, you can change the formatting of all characters in the tiltle or text box at the same time, but you cannot change individual characters.

1. Click the chart text, or select the individual characters you want to format.
   To change the formatting for all of the text in the chart at the same time, click the blank area between the border of the chart and the Plot Area to select the Chart Area.
2. On the Formatting toolbar, click a button for the format which you want.

Rotate Text in a Chart Title or Along an Axis
You can rotate, or "Angle", text in a chart Title or along an Axis. You cannot rotate Legend text.

1. Click the Axis or the Title you want to format.
2. If you click an Axis, click Selected Axis on the Format menu.
   if you clicked an Axis Title, click Selected Chart Title on the Format menu.
3. Click the Alignment tab.
   If you don't see the Alignment tab, click Cancel, click outside of the text you want to format, and then repeat steps 1-3.
4. To rotate text, under Orientation, click a degree point, or drag the indicator to the posittion you want.

PRINTING  

1. SELECTING PRINTER
   Set the Printer
   This procedure is used to select printer name for printing.
   Follow the following steps:
• Click the worksheet.
• On the File menu, click Print.
• Under Printer, click arrow to next name list.
• Printer will be appear, select any one.
• Click OK button.
2. PRINT SELECTED AREAS
   Print Selected Area in the Active Sheet
   This procedure is used to print selected area of active. If you select a range of cells to print follow the following steps:
   
   • On the File menu, click Print.
   • Print dialog box appear.
   • Click Select Radio button.
   Page Selection
   Set the Size of the Paper
   
   1. On the File menu, click Page Setup, and then click the Page tab.
   2. In the Paper size box, click the size of paper you want, & press OK button.
   
   

TYPING TUTER AND INPAGE

WHY TYPING TUTER IS NECESSARY FOR USING?
Typing tuter is used for improving the typing skill, which is necessary for all users of typwriter and computer operator. Also used for improving speed of typing.
How to Install Typing Tutors 
Installation of Typing Master

1. Insert Typing Master CD in CD Drive.
2. Double click on CD Drive icon
3. Double click on Typing Master folder
4. Double click on Typing Master.exe. It will start installation wizard
5. Click next
6. Click Yes on Licence agreement
7. Follow the instruction on screen
8. At the end the Click on Finish button
      It will install Typing Master.

How to run Typing Master 

1. Click on start button on Task bar
2. Point to the Programm menu
3. Select Typing Master from the list
4. Click on Typing Master Icon or Double click on Typing Master Icon on Desktop
5. A welcome windows will appear
6. Click the link "I am new user"
7. Enter your name in text box and click Next 
8. A screen will appear.
9. There will be eight menus for your choice 
10. Select the menu of your choice and the start the lesson.

 MENUS

1. STUDYING
   You can get complete information about typing master through this menu.
2. REVIEW
   In this menu you can review you mistakes and you can improve your accuracy from different methods.
3. TYPING TEXT
   You can take your test and know your progress report.
4. GAMES
   There are different games are available in this menu. You can improve your typing speed through playing different games.
5. PRO TRAINER
   During the practice you can remove the difficulties through this menu.
6. STATISTICS
   You can know you typing speed through already typed words and you can know you to efficiency through graph.
7. SETTING
   Through this menu Keyboard, Sound and fonts can be change.
8. INFO
   It shows the information about typing master.

INPAGE 

What is Inpage?

Inpage is a software which is used to create Urdu documents, letters and for Professional Urdu work.

How to install Inpage Software
Installation procedure of Inpage is simple as compare to other software there is no need to install the software, simply copy the inpage directory from the CD-Rom.

Follow the following steps:

1. Select the Inpage directory from the CD - ROM
2. Select copy from the menu
3. Then go to desired location where you want to install 
4. Select past from the menu

How to start the In-page software

1. Find the In-page.exe file.
2. Double click the In-page.exe file.

CHANGE KEYBOARD IN PAGE 

There are numerous of keyboard in In-page by which you can used to type characters. As the Urdu character are different from English the typing of Urdu character are quit difficult, to solve this problem the In-page introduced Phonetic Keyboard. This keyboard is like English keyboard. In this keyboard combining Shift + Alt key to change the function of a key.

HOW TO CHANGE A KEYBOARD 

To change the keyboard follow these steps

1. From menu bar click Edit menu, from the drop-down list click Preferences.
2. Click on keyboard preferences, it will show a dialog box. Then select Phonetic keyboard 
3. Click Phonetic keyboard (view) will show this key board layout.

Here you will see two Urdu characters associated with a keyboard key. In the keyboard layout, bottom row is normal key pressing. While pressing a key with shift key will type the upper rows characters.

WORKING WITH IN-PAGE SOFTWARE 


FILE MENU
Selecting the File menu allows you to select one of the following menu items
New, Open, Close, Save, Save As, Collect For, Output, Place, Import, Export, Export Page, Print and edit exit
All the commands in the File menu are same except these  
COLLECT FOR OUTPUT....
If you want to output your file at a print bureau you will need to ensure that all the linked image files are copied along with the In-page document file. To enable you to copy all the image files along with the document file to a user-specifiable directory, this command can be used.
MENU FILE: PLACE
This menu items is used for placing images in In-page.
Menu File: Import...
This menu item is enabled either when you want to import either text or picture.
Menu File: Export
Export Text: This menu item is enabled in Text Edit Mode. You will have to select the text to export.
Menu File Export Page
Exports the page(s) of current document as picture(s).
Menu Edit: Duplicate
Duplicate duplicates the selected objects.

EDIT MENU
Menu Edit: Story Editor
This menu item enables you to switch between Story Editor and Page Layout mode. This story editor mode is useful for fast editing of story. All the text attributes except the font size are displayed in a WYSIWYG fashion in this mode.
Menu Edit: Delete Page...
In the ensuing dialog, you can enter the range of pages to be deleted.
From Page: Type the starting page no. to be delete.
To Page: Type the ending page no. to be deleted.
Menu Edit: Preference
Preferences allows you to set the Application, Document, Typographic, Story Editor and Nastaliq Entry Window Preferences.

VIEW MENU
View menu lets you change the way the document is being viewed on the screen. The operations that you can carry out through this menu are Scale the entire document Hide/Show, Ribbon, Rulers, Tools and Guides.

FORMAT MENU 
Format Menu:   Character...
This option lets you to specify character formatting attributes for selected text. Character format dialog is displayed with following items look size.style color Bold/Italic, spacing.
Menu Format:      Paragraph
This option lets you to specify paragraph attributes for selected text. Paragraph Format dialog is displayed with following items.
Menu Format:      Borders
This option allows you to specify Border attributes for se3lected Paragraphs. Option allow you to specify Border Before or After, Border Type, Border Thickness and Colour.
Menu Format:      Table Format
This dialog enables you to format the table in terms of Cell Width, Cell Fill Colour, Cell Border and Indents within the Cell.

EDIT MENU
Menu Edit:         Undo
Undo is the previous option. If previous operation cannot be undone then this item is disabled. This item will indicate the last operation which can be undone.
Menu Edit:          Duplicate
Duplicate duplicates the selected objects. On selecting this menu item, you will be prompted with with a dialog.
In this dialog you will be required to specify the number of rows and number of columns of duplicated object that you desire. You also need to specify the row and the column gap between the duplicated objects. Or you can just let the default values work and just press OK. All the duplicated objects along with the original objects will be selected at the end of this operation.
Menu Edit:         Find & Replace
Find allows you to search for text in Urdu and in English.
Find Text: Enter the text to be searched for in the Find Text edit control.
Replace With: Enter the text in that will replace the current occurrence of the found text. It will also find and select the next occurrence3 of the same word(s).

VIEW MENU
View Menu
View menu lets you change the way the document is being viewed on the screen. The operations that you can carry out through this menu is call the entire document.
Hide/Show, Ribbon, Rulers, Tools and Guides.
View the pages in the document either in Facing Pages on in Non Facing Pages mode.

INSERT MENU
From Insert menu you can insert new pages, page No. on each page, Date and Time, Picture, Table.

UTILITIES MENU
There are different utilities which can be used to over come some problems like checking Spelling or counting total no of words in the documents.

SYMBOL MENU
Because not all special can be accommodated on the limited number of keys on the keyboard hence a library of these special symbols are supplied along with In-page which then can be inserted by the user at the appropriate place in his document, by selecting them from this symbol menu.

WINDOW MENU
The Window menu forms part of the standard Multi Document Interface (MDI). This menu item lets you move amongst the documents opened in In-page

MICROSOFT WORD

INTRODUCTION TO WORD PROCESSING: 

A Word processing program is used to produce letters, applications and other documents. Word processing is used to business to generate different documents.

Word Processing package provide tool bar which, display shortcut button to make editing. This package provides word wrap, justification function. In Word Processing package we can bold, underline the text. Text can be inserted or deleted Block-editing tools can be used to move a block of text from one point to another point. Program search function can be used to find user specified word. Default format values are often supplied by the package, but they are easily changed. A Word Processing package may also include a spelling checker. thesaurus merge. 

Word Processing Packages are MS - Word, Lotus, Word Pro, Word Star, Word Pad & Word Perfect. These packages can convert all documents to HTML format for publication as Web Pages. End - Users and organisation can use desktop publishing (DTP) software to produce their own printed material that looks professionally published. that is they can design and print their own newsletters, brochures, manuals, and book with several styles, graphics, photo and color on each page. Word Processing packages and desktop publishing packages like Adobe Page Maker is used to do desktop publishing.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MANUAL AND ELECTRONIC WORD PROCESSING

MANUAL WORD PROCESSING :-

• Type-Writer is used in Manual Word Processing.
• Text once write cannot be change.
• Text cannot be formatted.
• Word wrap function is not available.
• Text cannot be deleted.
• Text cannot be moved from one location to another location.
• Word Processing cannot be find or replace a word.
• Spell check function is not available.
• We cannot store text. 

ELECTRONIC WORD PROCESSING :-

• Computer is used in electronic word processing. 
• Text can be changed easily.
• Text can be formatted.
• Word wrap function is available.
• Text can be inserted or deleted easily.
• We can move text for one place to another place.
• Word can be find or replace.
• Spell check function is available.
• We can store text.

SCREEN LAYOUTS or MS-WORD SCREEN LAYOUT or Ms-Word ENVIRONMENT

Ms-Word environment is the different elements of the screen when we load Ms-Word. Which are the following.

• Title Bar :-
  Title Bar is horizontal area located at the very top of the screen.
• Menu Bar :-
  The Menu Bar is directly below the title bar and it display different menu. A menu displays a list of command.
• Ruler :-
  The Ruler is generally found below the main toolbar. The ruler is used to change the format of your document quickly.
• Scroll Bar (Horizontal & Vertical Scroll Bar) :-
  The Horizontal and Vertical scroll bars; enable you to move up & down or left rigt across the window. To scroll to another part of the document drag the box or click the arrows in the scroll bar.
• Status Bar :-
  The Status Bar is a horizontal area at the bottom of the document window in Ms-Word.
• Tool Bar :-
  The Tool Bar is group of picture buttons just below the menu bar; it provides shortcut for running command.
  Tool Bar provide shortcuts to menu commands. Tool Bars contain different tools. Tool Bars are located just below the menu bar.
• Standard Tool Bar :-
  The Standard Tool Bar is used to run commonly used by command by clicking the button available on standard toolbar.
• Formatting Tool Bar :-
  The formatting tool bar is used to change format of text according to user desires, how he wants and needs.
• Drawing Tool Bar :-
  With the help of drawing tool bar we can make drawing in Ms-Word. Make different shapes in open document.
• Table & Border :-
  The Table and border tool bar is used to draw table in open document.
• Text Area :-
  Below the ruler is text area. You can type your text in text area at the cursor position. Cursor is the insertion point.

MENUS 

Menus is a list of command. You can use menus to give Microsoft Word instructions about what you want to do.Menu display a basic command. some of the commands have images next to them so you can quickly associate the command with the image. Most menus are located on the menu bar at the top of the Word Window.

There are total nine menus on menu bar, which are File, Edit, View, Insert, Format, Tools, Table, Windows, and Help. Every menu on bar contains list of commands.

SHORTCUT MENUS

SHORTCUT :-

A shortcut is a quick way to start program or open a file or folder without having to go to its permanent location. Shortcut menu are available when you right-click on icon, text, objects or other items.

Write steps to create a shortcut as follow:

1. Click right mouse button on desktop
2. Point to new
3. Click on shortcut
4. Type the name and location of the items or through brows button select the location and item or program
5. Select OK then Next then Finish.

Point to program, click right mouse button and click on create shortcut button.

TOOL BAR 

The toolbar is group of picture button just below the menu bar; it provides shortcut for running command.

Toolbar provides shortcut to menu commands. Toolbar contain different tools. Tool-bars are located just below the menu bar.

When you use on menus and toolbar. When you first start Word, the menus and tool-bars display basic commands and buttons. As you work with Word, The commands and buttons that you use most often are stored as personalized settings and displayed on menus and tool-bars.

To look for a button that does not display on a toolbar, click More Button at the end of the toolbar. When you use a button that is not displayed on the toolbar.

CUSTOMIZATION OF TOOLBAR 

Customization (Modifying) toolbar :-

You can customize (modify) or create your own toolbar by adding, reorganizing and removing buttons and menus. You can also show, move, and hide tool-bars.

Using the Customizing dialog box :-

You can use the Customize dialog box (Tools menu) to make most changes to menus and toolbar. Some changes require that you perform an action directly on a menu or toolbar while the Customize dialog box remains open. If the dialog box is in the way, you can move it.

Undoing your changes :-

At any time, you can restore the toolbar display to the settings used when you first started Word. To Customize a toolbar follow the following steps:

1. Click on Tools Menu
2. Click on Customize
3. Click on Toolbar tab
4. Select any toolbar
5. Select different option from Customize Dialog box.

RESET A BUILT-IN TOOLBAR

• On the Tool menu, click Customize, and then click the Toolbars tab.
• In the Toolbars box, click the name of the toolbar you want to reset original buttons and menus on.
• Click Reset.
• In the Reset changes box, select the normal and press OK button.

TO DISPLAY OR HIDE A TOOLBAR 

This procedure is used to hide or display a toolbar.

•  Click on View on Menu Bar.
• Point to toolbar.
• Check or uncheck any tool bar.

DIFFERENT TOOL BARS

There are different tool bars which are used as follow:

1. Title Bar :-
   Title Bar is horizontal are located at the very top of the screen. On the Title Bar, Microsoft Word display the name of the document you are currently using. At the top of the screen, you should see "Document 1-Microsoft Word" or a similar name.
2. Menu Bar :-
   The Menu Bar is directly below the Title Bar and it displays the menus. A menu displays a list of commands. The menus begins with the word File and continues with Edit, View, Insert, Format, Tools, Table, Windows, and Help. You use the menu to give instructions to the software. Point with your mouse to the menu option and click the left mouse button to the open a drop-down menu. You can now the left and right arrow keys on your keyboard to move left and right across the Menu Bar option. You can use the Up and Down arrow keys to move Up and Down the drop down menu. To select an option, highlight the item on the drop down menu and press enter key.
3. Status Bar :-
   The Status Bar is a horizontal area at the bottom of the document window. Ms-Word; provide information about the current state of what you are viewing in the window. To display Status Bar, click Option on Tool menus, click the view tab, and then select the status bar check box.
   The status appears at the very bottom of the screen and provides such information as the current page, current section, total number of pages, inches from the top of the page, current line number and current column number. The status bar also provides options that enable you to track changes or turn on the record mode, the extension mode, and the overtype mode.
4. Scroll Bar :-
   The Horizontal & Vertical Scroll Bars; enable you to move up and down or left right across the window. To scroll to another part of the document drag the box or click the arrows in the scorll bar. The horizontal scroll bar is located above the status bar. The Vertical scroll bar is located along the right side of the screen.
   
   
   Scroll Key
   
   
   The Left arrow key is the Horizontal scroll bar is used to move left around the window.
   
   The Right arrow key is the Horizontal scroll bar is used to move right around the window.
   
   The up arrow key in the vertical scroll bar is used to move up in the window.
   
   The down arrow key in the vertical scroll bar is used to move down in the window.
   
   Browse Object in the vertical scroll bar to many Brows Object menu where you can click the item you want to use to browse through active file. To continue browsing through this type of item click previous or next button.
   
   
                                                       
   Scroll Boxes
   To scroll to another part of the document drag box up or down in vertical scroll bar or drag box left or in Horizontal scroll bar.
5. Ruler :-
   The ruler is generally found below the main tool bars. The ruler is used to change the format of your document quickly. To display the ruler use the following steps:
1. Click View on the Menu Bar
2. Highlight the ruler. Press enter to display/hide ruler

 TOOL BAR :-

The toolbar is group of picture button, it provide shortcut for running command.

Toolbar provide shortcut to menu command. Toolbars contain different tools.

WORKING WITH FILES

• CREATE, OPEN, SAVE, RENAME AND CLOSE DOCUMENT
• CREATE DOCUMENT:-
  CREATE (NEW) (Ctrl+N)
  This command is used to creat an new blank file. To create a new document use the following steps.
• Click on File on Menu Bar
• Click on NEW
• A new menu dialog box appear
• Click on Blank Document.
• Click OK
• OPEN A DOCUMENT:-
  OPEN (Ctrl +O)
  This procedure is used to open or find a file (document) which already exist.
• Click on File on Menu Bar
• Click on Open
• An open menu dialog box appear on screen. In look in field enter drive namen and folder name where document exist which you want to open.
• Enter the name of the file in File name field and then Click open button.

• SAVE A DOCUMENT
  SAVE (Ctrl + S)This procedure is used to save the active file with its current name or to save file first time.
• Click on File on Menu Bar
• Click on Save
• RENAME (SAVE AS)
  RENAME / SAVE AS (F12)
  This procedure is used to save the active file with a different file name, or folder or drive.
• Click on File on Menu Bar
• Click Save As
• Enter the new name of the file in File Name field in Save As dialog box
• Click Save button
• CLOSE A DOCUMENT
  CLOSE (Ctrl + F4)
  This procedure is used to close the current open file.
• Click on File on Menu Bar
• Click close.

WORKING ON MULTIPLE DOCUMENTS 

At a time you can open more than one file. You can switch from one file to another or from one program to another. When you open a document a button appear on task-bar, click the button on task-bar to switch from one file to another or from one program to another. You can cut, copy, or past text from one document to another.

CUT, COPY, PASTE, PASTE SPECIAL UNDO & REDO OPERATION

• CUT (Ctrl + X)
  This procedure is used to remove the selection from active document and places it on the clipboard.
• Select Text, or Object 
• Click on Edit on Menu Bar
• Click on Cut.
•  COPY (Ctrl + C)This procedure is used to copy the selection from active document and place it on the clipboard.
• Select Text, or Object
• Click on Edit on Menu Bar
• Click Copy.
• PASTE (Ctrl + V)This procedure is used to insert the content of clipboard at the insertion point. This command is available only if you have cut or copied an object, or text.
• Place the cursor at the position where you want to paste
• Click on Edit on Menu Bar
• Click Past.
• PASTE Special This procedure is used to insert the content of clipboard at the insertion point or change the format of the text and we can change text into picture format or link. This command is available only if you have cut or copied an object, of links the selection.
• Place the cursor at the position where you want to paste
• Click on Edit on Menu Bar
• Click Paste Special
• Paste Special dialog Box Appear
• Click Paste or Paste Link radio button
• Select format (HTML, PICTURE, etc) from paste special dialog box. Select any option.
• UNDO (Ctrl + Z)
  This Command is used to reverse the last action performed. For this use the following steps.
• Click on edit menu
• Click on Undo
  Or
  On the standard toolbar, click on undo option
  Undo many Action You can undo several action at the same time. Follow the following steps.
1. In the standard toolbar press down arrow next to undo button.
2. A list of action will appear
3. Select the action you want to undo.
• REDO (Ctrl + Y)
  This command is used undo an action. For this use the following steps.
  1. Click on Edit Menu
  2. Click on Redo
     Or
     On the Standard Tool Bar, click the arrow next to Redo.

FIND, REPLACE, & GO TO COMMANDS

• FIND TEXT (Ctrl + F)
  This procedure is used to find text or data in open document. To find a particular word or piece of text use the following steps
• Click on Edit on Menu Bar
• Click Find
• Type the word to search in the Find What Field
• Click on Find Next to find one by one.
• REPLACE TEXT (Ctrl + H)This procedure is used to replace text with another text in the opened document. To replace a particular word or piece of text use the following steps
• Click on Edit on Menu Bar
• Click Replace
• Type the word to search in the Find Field
• Type the word to replace the search word in Replace With Field
• Click Replace to replace one by one or click Replace all to replace words.
• GO TO (Ctrl + G or F5)
  This procedure is used to go anywhere else from any place. Use the following steps
• Click on Edit Menu
• Click on Go To
• Click on Go To Tab
• Select any option from Go To what list box e.g. Select page No.
• Enter page no. in the Enter page number box
• Go To button

TEXT, PARAGRAPH, AND PAGE FORMATTING (Ctrl + D)

TEXT (Font): 

This procedure is used to change the Text (fonts) format (layout) of the selected text, or to start typing with new format that is to change style, size and color etc. Follow the following steps.

1. Click on Format on Menu Bar
2. Click on FONT
3. Select different option from FONT Menu
4. Press OK button.

CHANGE CASE OF TEXT (Shift + F3)

This command is used to change case of the selected text  to upper or lower case.

1. Select the text 
2. Click on Format on Menu Bar
3. Click on Change Case
4. Select different option from Change Case Menu
5. Press OK button

PARAGRAPH

This command is used to change the paragraph indents, text alignment, line spacing, pagination and other paragraph formats in the selected paragraph or new paragraph.

1. Click on Format on Menu Bar
2. Click on PARAGRAPH
3. Select different option from PARAGRAPH Menu 
4. Press Ok button.

PAGE FORMATTING

This procedure is used to change the page layout. That is left, right, top, bottom or select paper size. Follow the following steps:

1. Click on Page setup on file menu
2. A page setup dialog box appear on screen.
3. Select different option
4. Press Ok button.

HEADER AND FOOTER 

A header is text that is added to the top margin of every page and footer is text added to the bottom margin of every page. The Header and Footer does not display in Normal view. To see the header and footer, select Print Preview layout from the View menu or click the Print Preview layout button at the bottom left corner of the screen. For Header use the following steps:

1. Click on View on Menu Bar
2. Click on Header and Footer
3. Type Header text in the Header box.

For Footer use the following steps:

1. Click on View on Menu Bar
2. Click on Header and Footer
3. Click on Switch button on Header and Footer toolbar

DATE AND TIME

This command is used to insert date and time in the document. For date and time use the following steps:

1. Click on Insert Menu on Menu Bar
2. Click on Date & Time option
3. Select the format or style of the Date & Time
4. Press Ok button.
   Date and Time menu display on screen. Select any date and time format from available format Field.

BULLETS AND NUMBERING

This command is used to add bullets or numbers to selected paragraph or to new paragraph and modifies the bullets and numbering format.

1. Click on format on Menu Bar
2. Click Bullets and Numbering
3. Select option from Bullets and Numbering Menu 
4. Press Ok button. 

COLUMNS AND NUMBERING 

This command is used to change the format of the current document page into column. Follow the following steps:

1. Click on Column in Format Menu
2. Column dialog box appear on screen
3. Select one of option among st different option
4. Press OK button.

DROP CAP

This command is used to Formats a letter, word, ofr select text with a large initial or "dropped" capital letter. A drop cap is traditionally the first letter in a paragraph.

1. Click on Format on Menu Bar 
2. Click on Drop Cap
3. Select different option from Drop Cap Menu
4. Press OK button.

TAB AND MARGINS

TAB

SET TAB STOPS This procedure is used to set tab stop for the current document. The default tab for the tab stop is 0.5" to set tab stop follow the following steps:

1. Select the paragraph in which you want to insert tab stop.
2. On format menu, click Tab
3. A tabs dialog box will appear
4. In the Tab stop position box, type the position for a new tab
5. Under Alignment, select the alignment for text typed at the tab stop
6. Click OK button.

Set tab stops with leader characters 

This procedure is used to print some character between tab if there is no text

1. Select the paragraph in which you want to insert leader character before a tab stop.
2. On the Format menu, Click Tab. 
3. In the Tab stop position  box, type the position for a new tab, or select any existing tab stop to which you want to add leader characters.
4. Under Alignment, select the alignment for text typed at the tab stop.
5. Under Leader, click the leader option you want, click Set and press Ok button.

MARGIN / PAGE MARGIN

Page margins are the blank space around the edges of the page. The page setup option in the file menu can be used to set up margin of the paper. There are four types of margin that can be set for a page namely left, right, top, and bottom margins. To set margin follow the following steps.

1. Click Page Setup on File menu
2. Page Setup dialog box will appear 
3. Click the Margins Tab
4. Set margin and press Ok button.

COMMENTS AND FOOT NOTE COMMENTS

1. COMMENTS
   INSERTING COMMENTS Insert comments at the insertion point. When a comment is added, Ms-Word numbers it and records it in a separate comment pane. Ms-Word then inserts a comment reference mark in the document and shades the text that's commented on with light yellow.
   To view comments online, rest the pointer on text shaded with light yellow. Ms-Word displays the comments and the name of the comments author in a Screen Use the comment pane to edit and review all the comments in the document. To insert comments follow the following steps:
• Select the Text or item you want to comment on 
• Click on Insert Menu
• Type the comment text in the comment pane at the bottom of the screen
  To View or Change the Comments follow the following steps
• Click on View Menu
• Click on Command from drop down menu
  In comment pane a list of comments appear select the comment, which you want to change or View.
2.  FOOT NOTES
   Footnotes are used in printed document to explain, comment on, or provide references for text in a document. You can include footnotes in the same document. Footnotes appear at the end of each page in a document. In print layout view, click where you want to insert the note reference mark.
   use the following steps to insert footnotes.
   • On Insert menu, click Footnote. 
   • Click Footnote radio button from footnote dialog box.
   • Under Numbering, click the option you want.
   • Click Ok
   Word inserts the note number and places in the insertion point next to the note number.
   Type the note text.
   Scroll to your place in the document and continue typing.

INSERT A PICTURE AND IT'S FORMATTING 

1. PICTURE :-
   This command is used to insert picture from available displayed option that is clip art, from file etc.
   Pictures are graphics that were created from another file. The include bitmaps, scanned pictures and photographs and clip art. you can change and enhance pictures by using the options on the Picture toolbar and a limited number of options on the Drawing toolbar.
   To insert pictures use the following steps:
   • Click on Insert on Menu Bar
   • Highlight the Picture Drop down menu display
   • Click on any required option
   • Click on any Picture and then click insert button.
2.  FORMATTING PICTURE :-
   To format picture select the picture, click right mouse button on picture, a dialog box appear, click on format picture. A format picture dialog box appear, select different option and then press OK button.

SPELLING AND GRAMMAR CHECK (F7)

Ms-Word provides the facility to check active document for possible spelling and grammer check. Spelling mistakes are mark with red and grammar is marks with green line. To check spelling and grammar use the following steps:

1. Click on Tool Menu in the menu bar
2. Click on Spelling and grammar on drop down menu
3. Spelling and Grammar dialog box appear on screen with two box one is for sentence containing the error and another box for suggestion.
4. Select different option that is change, ignore etc up to the end document.

AUTO CORRECT

This command is used to correct text automatically as you type, or to store and reuse text and other items you use frequently. To add a new word or sentence in auto correct entry follow the following steps:

1. On the Tool menu, click Auto Correct
2. In the Replace box, type a word on phrase that you often mistype or misspell - for example type usu
3. In the With box, type the correct spelling of the word - for example, type usually
4. Click Add.

When you type usu it will be replace with usually automatically.

THESAURUS (Shift + F7) 

This function is used to replace a word or phrase in the document with a synonym or related word. To look up a words in the thesaurus follow the following step:

Look up words in the thesaurus

1. Select or type a word for which you want to find a synonum, an antonym, or related words.
2. Click on the Tool menu, point to Language, and then click Thesaurus.
3. Select the options you want.

PAGE BREAK

Page break is the point at which one page ends and another begins. When you fill a page with text or graphics, Ms-Word insert an automatic (or soft) page break and start a new page. To force a page break at a specific location, you can insert a manual (or hard) page break.

Insert a manual page break :-

1. Click where you want to start a new page.
2. On the Insert menu, click Break 
3. Click Page Break.

SECTION BREAK 

A mark you insert to show the end of a section. A section break stores the section formatting element, such as the margin, page orientation, header and footer and sequence of page number. A section break appears as a double dotted line that contains the word "Section Break".

Insert a section break 

1. Click where you want to insert a Section Break 
2. On the Insert menu, click Break. 
3. Under Section break types, click the option that describes where you want the new section to begin 
4. Click OK button

BREAK GROUND

Background can change the look of graphics in your Microsoft Word documents by applying a variety of enhancements, such as lines, fills, shadows, and transparent colors.

ADD SHADING TO A TABLE, A PARAGRAPH, OR SELECTED TEXT

You can use shading to fill in the background of a table, a paragraph or selected text

1. To add shading to a table, click anywhere in the table. To add shading to specific cells, select the cell, including the end-of-cell marks.
   To add shading to paragraph, click anywhere in the paragraph. To add shading to specific text.
   such as a word, select the text.
2. On the Format menu, click Border and shading, and then click the Shading tab.
3. Select the options you want.
4. Under Apply to, click the part of the document you want to apply shading to. For example, if you clicked a cell without selecting it in step 1, click Cell. Otherwise, Word applies the shading to the entire table.

CHANGE A FILL COLOR IN A DRAWING OBJECT

1. Select the drawing object you want to Chang.
2. On the Drawing toolbar

If you don't see the color you want, click More Fill Color. Click a color on the Standard tab, or click the Custom tab to mix your own color, and the click OK. 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

What is a table of contents?

A table of contents is a list of the headings in a document that you can insert in a specific location. You can use a table of contents to get an overview of the topics discussed in a document or to quickly navigate to a topic. You can create a table of contents for a document that you plan to print as well as view in Word. For example, when you display the document in print layout view, the table of contents includes pages numbers along with the headings. When you switch to web layout view, the heading are displayed as hyperlinks so that you can jump directly to a topic.

CREATING A TABLE OF CONTENTS

To create a table of contents, use one of the following methods to specify the readings you want to include:

Build-in heading style. You can apply the built-in heading styles (Heading 1 through Heading 9).

CREATE A TABLE OF CONTENTS BY USING BUILT-IN HEADING STYLES

1. In your document, apply built-in heading styles (Heading 1 through Heading 9) to the headings you want to include in your table of content.
2. Click where you want to insert the table of contents.
3. One of the Insert menu, click Index and Tables, and the click the Table of Contents tab.
4. Do one of the following:
   to use one of the available designs, click a design in Formats box.
   To specify a custom table of contents layout, choose the options you want. 
5. Select any other table of contents options you want.

HYPERLINS (Ctrl + K)  

This command is used to link a document, web page or any other file to a file to a specific word or text. Hyperlink is coloured and underlined texst or a graphic that you can click to go to a file, a location in a file, and an HTML page on the World Wide Web.

Follow the following steps:

1. Select the text or drawing object you want to display as the hyperlink, and the click hyperlink on Insert Menu.
2. An Insert Hyper link Dialog Box appear on screen
3. Enter name of the file or web page name in the type file or web page name field or click on the under browse to locate drive or file.
4. Press OK button.

BOOKMARK 

A bookmark is an item or location in a document that you identify and name for future reference. You can use bookmarks to quickly jumps to a specific location, create cross-references, mark page ranges for index entries and son on.

ADD BOOKMARK

1. Select an item you want a bookmark assigned to or click where you want to insert a bookmark
2. On the Insert menu, click Bookmark.
3.  Under Bookmark name, type or select a name
4. Click Add.

SHOW BOOKMARKS IN A DOCUMENT 

1. On the Tool menu, click Option, and then click the View tab.
2. Select the Bookmarks check box.

GO TO SPECIFIC BOOKMARK 

1. On the Insert menu, click Bookmark 
2. Under Bookmark name, click the bookmark you want to go to.
3. Click Go To. 

 TABLE 

A table is made up of rows and columns of cells that you can fill with text and graphics. Table are often used to organised and present information, but they have a variety of other uses as well. You can use tables to align numbers in columns, and then sort and perform calculations on them. You can also use tables to create interesting page layouts and arrange text and graphics.

INSERT TABLE

Insert a table in document withe number of row and column you specify. To insert a table follow the following steps:

1. Click on Table menu.
2. Point to insert Click on Table
3. Insert Table dialog box appear on screen
4. Enter no of Column in Column box
5. Enter no of Row in Row box
6. Click on OK button.

Add Rows, Columns or cell to a table 

1. Select the number of row, column or cell you want to insert / add.
2. Click on the Table menu, point to Insert, and then click Columns to the left, Right . Or row above or below or select cell.

DELETE CELLS, ROWS, OR COLUMNS FROM A TABLE

1. Select the cells, rows, or columns you want to delete.
2. On the Table menu, point to Delete, and then click either Columns, Rows, or Cells. 

MERGE CELLS INTO ONE CELL IN A TABLE

You can combine two or more cells in the same row or column into a single cell. To merge cell follow the following steps:

1. Select cells that you want to merge 
2. Click on Table menu
3. Click on Merge Cell.

SPLIT CELL 

Split the selected cell into a number of row and column you enter. To split cell follow the following steps

1.  Select cells that you want to split 
2. Click on Table menu
3. Click on Split Cell, a split cell dialog box appear
4. Enter No of Column in Column Box
5. Enter No of Row in Row Box
6. Click OK button.

FORMULA IMPLEMENTATION 

Perform calculation in a table 

1. Click the cell in which you want the result to appear.
2. On the Table menu, click Formula.
3. If Word proposes a formula that you do not want to use, delete it from Formula box.
   In the Paste function box, click a function.
4. In the Number format box, enter a format for the number, For example, to display the numbers as a decimal percentage, click 0.00%.
5. Press Ok button.

DOCUMENT PRINTING

1. SELECTION OF PRINTER
   When you want select printer follow the following steps
   • Click on Print command in File menu
   • Click on Print, Print Dialog Box appear 
   • Select Printer Name from Name Box.
   If printer is not install then follow the following steps
   Printer & its Installation:
   This procedure is used to set up printer or to add printer.
1. Click on Printer icon in Control Panel
2. Double click Add Printer. 
3. The Add Printer wizard box display on screen. 
4. Click Next button.
5. Select the printer name from manufactures list box
6. Select model of printer from printers list box and click next.
7. Click next thrice and then click finish.
2. PRINTER SETTINGS
   To set printer properties and select different options follow the following steps
• Click on Print on File menu
• Click on Print, Print dialog Box appear
• Click on Properties Button, select different properties and then press OK button.
• Click on Option button select different option and the press OK button.
3. PRINT PREVIEW (Ctrl + F2)
   Print Preview is a vie that shows how a document will lock when you print it. You can view multiple pages at a time magnify or reduce the size of the pages on the screen, check page break, and make changes to text and make changes to text and formatting.
   To display document in print preview follow the following steps.
1. Click Print Preview in File Menu 
2. A print preview dialog box appears, select different option and then press close button.
4. PRINT AND PAGE SETUP
1. PRINT (Ctrl + P)
   This command is used to print the active document of selected items. To select print option use the following steps:
1. Click print on file menu, print dialog box appear
2. Select different option. e.g. All or current or page. Number of copies, printer name etc
3. Press OK button.
2. PAGE SETUP
   Page setup is used to set paper margin, size, paper source and layout of active file. To set paper setup follow the following steps:
1. Click on page setup on file menu
2. Click on margin tab select different margin
3. Click on paper size tab to select paper size 
4. Click on paper source tab to select paper source
5. Click on Layout tab to select paper layout 
6. Click on Ok button.

 SHORT CUT KEY 

1. Ctrl + C
                   This command is used to copy text or graphics
2. Twice press Ctrl + C
                   This command is used to display the Clipboard
3. Select text press F2 (then move the insertion point and press ENTER)
                    This command is used to move the text or graphics
4. Alt +  F3
                    This command is used to create Auto Text
5. Ctrl + V
                This command is used to Paste the Clipboard contents, Text or Graphics to your desire place.
6. Ctrl + Shift + F3
                     This command is used to Paste the Spike contents.
7. Alt + Shift + R
                 This command is used to copy the header and footer used in the previous section of the document.

SHORT KEY OF CHANGE OR RESIZE THE FONT 

1. Ctrl + Shift + F
                     This command is used to change the font.
2. Ctrl + Shift + P
                      This command is used to change the font size.
3. Ctrl + Shift + >
                      This command is used to increase the font size by 2 point.
4. Ctrl + Shift + <
                      This command is used to decrease the font size by 2 point.
5. Ctrl + [
                      This command is used to increase the font size by 1 point.
6. Ctrl + ]
                       This command is used to decrease the font size by 1 point.

SHORT KEY FOR APPLY CHARACTER FORMATS

1. Ctrl + D
                       This command is used to change the formatting of characters (Font command in Format menu).
2. Shift + F3
                        This command is used to change the case of letters.
3. Ctrl + Shift + A
                        This command is used to format all letters as all capitals.
4. Ctrl + B
                        This command is used to apply bold formatting to text.
5. Ctrl + U
                        This command is used to apply an underline the text.
6. Ctrl + Shift + W
                        This command is used to underline words but not space.
7. Ctrl + Shift + D
                        This command is used to double undline the text.
8. Ctrl + Shift + H
                        This command is used to formatting hidden text.
9. Ctrl + Shift + K
                        This command is used to format letters as small capitals.
10. Ctrl + Equal Sign
                         This command is used to apply subcript formatting (automatic spacing).
11. Ctrl + Shift + Plus Sign
                         This comman d is used to supercript formating (automatic spacing).
12. Ctrl + Spacebar
                         This command is used to remove manual character formatting.
13. Ctrl + Shift + Q
                         This commamd is used to change the selection to the symbol font.

SHORT CUT KEY OF PARAGRAPHS ALIGNMENT

1. Ctrl + E
                         Thsi command is used to start the paragraph from centre.
2. Ctrl + J
                         This command is ued to justify a paragraph.
3. Ctrl + L
                         This command is used to start the paragraph from left side.
4. Ctrl + R
                         This command is used to start the paragraph from right side.
5. Ctrl + M
                         This command is used to indent a paragraph from the left side.
6. Ctrl + Shift + M
                         This command is used to remove a paragraph indent from the left side.
7. Ctrl + T
                          This command is used to create a hanging indent.
8. Ctrl + Shift + T
                         This command is used to reduce thye hanging indent.
9. Ctrl + Q
                         This command is used to remove formatting.

SHORT CUT KEY OF MOVING CURSOR

1. Home
                         This command is used to go to the begining of a comment.
2. End
                         This command is used to go to the end of a comment.
3. Ctrl + Home
                         This command is used to go to the begining of the list of comments.
4. Ctrl + End
                         This command is used to go the end of the list of the comments.